2.1.2.4 Deviations in coordinates, directions or distances between two images

For some applications it can be reasonable to insert coordinate, direction or distance deviations as metric into the equation between adjoining images or images with greater distances . This is especially valid for

• Applications at small objects with UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), where no control points, GPS or IMU data are available. By means of virtual data the focus and/or the scale can be determined by approximation.
• Industrial applications, e. g. in case of high-precision measuring units with rotary tables. Also in this case, virtual metrics can be applied for determination and approximation of the scale.