BINGO 5.1.6 - December 2004
This page describes BINGO as it existed at the stated release date. For current behavior and requirements, use the current Manual, Reference, and Guides.
Program BGPARA
All pages of the BINGO parameter GUI have been revised and organised anew. The relations between the parameters and the programs can now be easier recognized.
One button and four parameters have been added to the RELAX page for the settings of the new RANSAC error elimination (For more see program RELAX).
The "RXPA" statement in file project.dat has been changed and extended. All programs will recognize new and old versions and the changes automatically.
On the Project page is now a parameter to set the file name for the image residual file which had the fixed name "imresi.dat" before.
Program RELAX
Recognition and separation of flight lines has been enhanced to allow correct data handling in case of flight lines along the same trace.
Long announced: The RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) error elimination has been added to program RELAX. It can be used optionally to remove gross errors during block / strip transformation. According to the present experience, it brings big advantages in most cases of gross errors in strip transformations or transformations to the ground control points. Recognition and removal of those errors results finally in correct photo orientations despite false transformation points. However, it did not yet give optimum results in all cases when large numbers of gross errors had been included. Further test and enhancements will be done.
The RANSAC method can be applied for both, the 2D and the 3D block transformation.
Listing and testing of transformation residuals is done in the photo space – as well for the last transformation to the ground control points. I.e. the unit of measure of the residuals is [mm] if the photo coordinates are in [mm] or if they are transformed to [mm] by means of the selection of unit of measure [micron] on the parameter GUI page "Photos".
If the RANSAC error elimination is activated, the following parameters will be used to control the processing:
Standard deviation: is the expected precision of transformation points in model space units. In most cases a value of 1.0 or up to 2.0 should give good results.
Weight threshold: According to their residuals the transformation points will be weighted. If a weight is below this threshold, the weight will be set to zero, otherwise to one.
Error percentage: Maximum percentage of expected errors. This value influences the number of trials.
Probability: to find a correct result. 0.99 is the highest possible value. This value influences as well the number of trials.
Program BINGO
Effects of GPS drift parameters on the first and the last projection centers of the related flight lines will now be listed in file bingo.lis. Example:
GPS shift and drift parameters
File Line_No. Para.Name Shift Drift +-S Photos Drift effects min, max
| 1 | 2000 | s_X | 0.548 | 0.418 | 26 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2000 | s_Y | -0.036 | 0.410 | 26 | |||
| 1 | 2000 | s_Z | -30.766 | 0.071 | 26 | |||
| 1 | 2000 | d_X | -0.002 | 0.019 | 26 | 0.006 | -0.006 | |
| 1 | 2000 | d_X | -0.036 | 0.027 | 26 | 0.100 | -0.100 | |
| 1 | 2000 | d_Z | 0.129 | 0.021 | 26 | -0.355 | 0.355 |
The residuals of GPS / IMU data are listed now with event and photo IDs in file bingo.lis.
GPS / IMU data files and LINK statements in file geoin.dat may have now event names with up to 15 characters instead of event numbers with 9 digits.
If ranges are used in LINK statements, the last part of the event names must be an integer part. If characters are included in the event names, lower and upper range limits must contain identical character parts. Furthermore the integer parts must contain the same number of digits. Examples:
LINK B24_090 : B24_110 P440B : P400B
Not allowed:
LINK B24_090 : B25_110 P440B : P400B
LINK B24_90 : B24_110 P440B : P400B
LINK 90 : 110 P440B : P400B
Single links do not have any restrictions. Example: LINK X$B48Z D45_2012B
Two new additional radial symmetric parameters have been introduced for camera calibration. They are especially useful for small-chip digital cameras. Their numbers are 35 and 36. There are now three sets of radial symmetric parameters: 7 and 8, 25 and 26, 35 and 36. The difference between these parameters is the intersections with the radial axis. Compare BINGO manual page A-2.
Optimization for survey networks
Several optimizations have been done to speed processing of huge pure survey networks up. The sequence of unknowns in survey networks will now be optimized by a nested dissection algorithm to reduce the size of the normal equation system and the processing time.
There is no limitation any more in survey networks for the number survey data and for the number of sets of directions.
Program BIPEX
BIPEX has been extended to allow output of fiducial reference coordinates or other camera parameters to the pex-files. These parameters have to be given inside the project directory in a file named ’extra.pex’. For details see the help text.
Program HEL3D
HEL3D has been extended to enable as well two-dimensional transformations in XY-plane.
A new RANSAC algorithm (Random Sample Consensus) for very robust elimination of gross data errors has been introduced to the two- and three-dimensional transformation. This algorithm gives correct transformation results, as long as the number of error free points is higher than the number of bad points. This is an acceptance of an error rate of 49%. It is recommended to use this algorithm as soon as gross errors are included in the transformation points.
The settings for RANSAC error elimination can be selected from the menu ’Extras’. The most important parameter – and subject to change by the user – is the standard deviation. The other parameters should be changed only with great care.
